Women Of The Odyssey And Lysistrata Essay - 1328 Words

Since the beginning of time, women have always been looked down upon mentally. During the time period of The Odyssey and Lysistrata, women were known as less powerful gender. They have never had much say about what goes on around them. Some women were recognized as a sex symbol. In The Odyssey, some women were goddesses that just wanted sex and other women had to stay at home to help raise their kids and do all of the feminine work. Compared to The Odyssey, in Lysistrata, women denied sex against their men to get what they want. In addition, they did not have many political rights and a say so on what goes on in their country. In comparing both of these stories, women show similarities toward each other. In The Odyssey it shows that all the women are uniquely different by their relationships, desire, and personality towards men. In addition, all the women help represent the typical role of a woman. Their role is very critical in the ongoing adventure in this epic poem. Homer represen ts women as strong roles and real life characters such as them being strong, tough, and diligent. In the story there are three major types of women, which are the goddess, the good hostess/wife, and seducers. With each one of these female characters they are a vital importance and add a different type of factor to the story. As Odysseus returns home to his wife Penelope and his son Telemachus from fighting in the Trojan War he is faced with many obstacles that he must get through to get home toShow MoreRelated Lust in Homers The Odyssey and Aristophanes’ Lysistrata Essay1380 Words   |  6 PagesLust in Homers The Odyssey and Aristophanes’ Lysistrata Lust is defined as an intense longing or a sexual desire. It is a common theme in literature; particularly in classic Greek literature. The reason it is so prevalent in literature is that is prevalent in our daily lives. Everyone lusts after something or someone. It is an interesting topic to examine closely, and classic literature is an excellent medium for such an investigation. Two works I have studied, in which lust is a theme, areRead MoreThe s The Odyssey, Lysistrata, And Clytemnestra1530 Words   |  7 PagesIn the time of Ancient Greece, Greek women were restricted to living within the society s norms fulfilling mostly guided roles like housework. While some works of the time presented women as mere housewives, others often put them in the position of political leaders, heroines, and murderers. The women that receive major roles in the stories such as Penelope in Homer s The Odyssey, Lysistrata in Aristophanes Lysistrata, and Clytemnestra in Aeschylus Agamemnon are major characters with importantRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Bow From The Odyssey And The Lysistrata1207 Words   |  5 Pageslike the Odyssey created the hero archetypes that we still see now in our films. Another great piece of literature is the Lysistrata which could be argued to be a feminist play that sought to empower women even if it was filled comedic breaks be it a scene full of men with enraged boners..both of these works used a number symbols to portray hidden themes in the book to not anger the Kings and Queens of that era. Two things from these works stand out in particular, The bow from the Odyssey and theRead MoreComparing the Characters of Lysitrata, Penelope, and Medea Essay724 Words   |  3 PagesThe purpose of the paper is to compare and contrast the characters of Penelope in the epic, The Odyssey, Lysistrata in the comedy, Lysistrata, and Medea in the tragedy, Medea. The writer will first give a brief synopsis of each character, followed by a comparison and climaxing with the contrast. Penelope, a loyal, faithful and patient wife is faced with suitors pressuring her daily to remarry. She uses her wit and cleverness to hold them off. She assures the suitors that she will remarry as soonRead MoreLiterary Analysis : The Odyssey And The Popol Vuh Essay1456 Words   |  6 Pagesin them. These archetypes have been either very noticeable or farther under the surface, the stories, poems and folklore are not all the same by any means but they do have some similarities besides the fact that they are all old. Ranging from The Odyssey to The Popol Vuh. The way of describing which archetype is in the stories is by thinking of an onion, that layer by layer seeing the archetype is more under the surface than the last, so the most significate is a scapegoat that is within all six storiesRead More Reflective essays1316 Words   |  6 Pagescomedy. Several examples of incongruity can be found throughout classical as well as modern comedy. Lysistrata involves this idea of incongruity through the play. The idea of women taking the akropolis was quite incongruent with the position of women at that time. This, along with the use of the elderly chorus of men, provides several comical scenes in Lysistrata, such as the one where the women empty the pitchers over the men’s heads. Incongruity is used throughout modern comedies such as the NakedRead MoreGreek Tragedy : The Woman And The Man2064 Words   |  9 Pagesput out there for you to accept. Women had a very unique and understated role in Greek civilization. Sometimes it is very subtle, and sometimes it is very blunt how the role of the woman is portrayed and what it actually means to the societies in these epics. In this paper, I will research the roll of the woman in these societies and how it was usually of less value than the roll of the man. Homeric Greece I will begin with the works of Homer. In both The Odyssey and The Iliad, Homer illustratesRead MoreEssay about Gender Roles in Ancient Greek Society1391 Words   |  6 PagesAncient Greek Society Throughout history, the roles of women and men have always differed to some degree. In ancient Greece, the traditional roles were clear-cut and defined. Women stayed home to care for children and do housework while men left to work. This system of society was not too far off the hunter gatherer concept where women cared for the house and the men hunted. Intriguingly enough, despite the customary submissive role, women had a more multifaceted role and image in society as juxtaposedRead MoreThe Role of the Artistic Director in a Theater Production2388 Words   |  10 Pagescharacter. 7. Aristophanes: Aristophanes was born in 448 BCE and died 380 BCE and he was a general of the Athenian Army. He was also a playwright, for he wrote many plays, but only five of them survived. These plays are Birds, Clouds, Frogs, Wasps, and Lysistrata. Aristophanes’ plays were under the genre of comedy and they were also literary. The plays contained satire, sex, eating, drinking, and wealth. Christopher Marlowe: Christopher Marl owe was born in 1564 and died in 1593. He was a spy, a poetRead MoreHistory of Theatre Lesson Notes Essay5401 Words   |  22 Pagesorigins of Greek tragedy: Early Aegean civilizations had little to do directly with the development of theatre, but their indirect influence was enormous, for their gods, heroes, and history supplied the material for Homer’s (8th century BCE) Iliad and Odyssey and therefore for most Greek drama. Greek civilization that was to produce 1st great era of theatre-8-6th centuries. The Parian Marble, in the Ashmolean museum at Oxford, credits Thespis with the invention of tragedy, the first form of drama, in 534

Relativism And Abortions. Does Not Every Child Have The

Relativism and Abortions Does not every child have the right to life? Recently, disputing discussions about abortions has been a main topic all over social media and the news (Bruenig pg. 10). During the campaign for our President, abortion was at the top of the list for moral debates on right and wrong (Schlabach, pg. 11-13). Throughout this election, many American has cast their vote for which they assumed had the same beliefs as they did (Miller, pg. 17-18). Whether it is prolife or prochoice, everyone has a different viewpoint. For example, pro-life supporters believe that every child has the right to live no matter the circumstances. On the other hand, pro-choice supporters believe that all women have a choice over their body. In this†¦show more content†¦The prolife activists believe that any life ought to be cherished and guarded from the instant of conception until natural death ( The Pro-Life Declaration†). By the improvements made in technology, such as ultrasound images and fetal Do ppler that is used to hear the heartbeat of the fetus, it shows that the fetus has life of its own. For instance, science has invested the development of the fetus during pregnancy. It has been reported that more brain activity has been discovered than originally thought was going on inside the womb (Easterbrook 21-25). Pro-life supporters believe in â€Å"right to life† starting with the moment of conception no matter the circumstances ( The Pro-Life Declaration†). On the other hand, pro-choice does not protect the rights of the fetus. Mother’s choice is the main consideration involved with abortions. Following Roe vs. Wade, it was determined that the mother has the right to decide what she thought was right for her own body. Pro-choice supporters believe that having an abortion is a choice that the person expecting a baby should make on her free will (Pro-choice). Having the right to have an abortion is solely her decision. Relativism is the belief that moral value is ones’ exclusive decision (Shafer-Landau 293). For relativists, there are no moral rights or wrongs. For example, some people believe that killing is not right, while others contradict this opinion, but they are both right under this theory. Instead,Show MoreRelatedThe Debate About Abortion And Abortion1709 Words   |  7 PagesThe practice of abortion is an issue that has sparked controversy for many years. One of the initial problems that lead to the debate about abortion is the fact that, the definition of the term abortion varies from one field to another. The controversy arises because the language used to describe abortion â€Å"is a reflection of the societal beliefs of the people in that area† (McFarlane Meier 65). Generally, the World Health Organization defines abortion as induced or spontaneous termination of pregnancyRead MoreIs Abortion Good Or Bad?984 Words   |  4 PagesIs it wrong to end the life of an inno cent person? Most people would agree that it is. Yet, in the case of abortion many still see it morally justified. Abortion is one of the most debated and difficult to understand moral issues in ethics today. Ethics, is the study of the nature of morality; it is what makes use decide between good and bad (Boss, 2014). Therefore, is abortion good or bad? Unfortunately there are no universal ethics that can lead us to a straightforward answer. As ethical subjectivismRead MoreEssay on The Relativity of Ethical Issues1277 Words   |  6 Pagessurvive on natural food. So each person has a different estimation on making truth claims about ethics, the opinion depends on what is right or wrong and what is ethical and what is not. Social relativism lessens ethics to sociology: what is right is whatever a particular society says is right. Radical relativism reduces it to a matter of taste: what is right is whatever the person believes and feels. And this is not just an academic challenge. If there is no truth in ethics, then parents are also leftRead MoreTruth Is Not Moral Truth1273 Words   |  6 Pagesperception of society, and justice. Truth creates the foundation of trust required for such communities to exist as families, cities, states and country. Discussions around our dinner table often encompass the meaning of truth and the opposite of truth, relativism. Parents frequently impress upon their children that they must â€Å"tell the truth† in trivial matters, with the hope that these children one day grow into honest, productive members of society. But, why is truth so important? Truth exists as theRead MoreThe Common Practice Of Female Genital Mutilation1478 Words   |  6 Pagespractices. But, that does not mean they are right. Moral relativists would say that FGM is relevant to the culture, which is the only reason to make it morally acceptable on that standpoint. This would also explain why it doesn’t happen in every single culture because it is relevant to just one or two. In addition, pertaining to the views of a moral relativist, I think it would be hard to decide how one would view criticism against FGM, because not every moral relativist would have the same exact thoughtsRead MoreA Reflection On My Faith1496 Words   |  6 Pageshas faith in one, in an individual person or a group. You can have faith in oneself, humanity as whole, or one’s god. Tilley refers to Faith as â€Å"the relationship between one and irreducible energizing source of meaning a center of value in one’s life.† Others may view that you can have faith in anything not just what Tilley stated like objects, media, and something else that many people state they have faith in is countries. Some may have faith in a â€Å"Christian America†, which Baxter explains is faithRead MoreEthics of Abortion1933 Words   |  8 PagesEthics of Abortion Destiny Vazquez SOC 120 Instructor Slack Monday, April 16, 2012 Abortion, one of the most ethical issues debated today. It has been a widely controversial debate for many years dated back to even before it was made legal in the United States. Like most ethical issues, there are two sides as to what is the right thing to do. Some people think that abortion is completely and utterly wrong. Some people think that abortion is right when and only when the mother’s life is atRead MoreDiscrimination By Andrew Niccol s Gattaca1515 Words   |  7 PagesDiscrimination was a prominent theme in Gattaca. In the movie directed by Andrew Niccol, Vincent Freeman is conceived without the help of genetic engineering, which had become the primary way of having a child. As a result of Vincent s parents decision to conceive him naturally, Vincent suffered from myopia and a congenital heart defect; along with a life expectancy of only 30.2 years, he was prone to discrimination in a society where your DNA determined your social class. Children conceived natura llyRead MoreEssay about Situation Ethics880 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferently and act in love accordingly even if that means breaking established moral rules/codes of practice. For example, it is considered wrong to steal but if by stealing a gun you are preventing a person from killing people then you have acted in love and thus your theft is non-accountable. In fact the only accountability in Situation Ethics is whether your actions will result in the highest possible expression of love for others. Situation ethics would argue thatRead More Cultural Relativism as Applied to Female Genital Mutilation Essay2765 Words   |  12 PagesCultural Relativism as Applied to Female Genital Mutilation I remember the blade. How it shone! There was a woman kneeling over me with the knife. I bit her; it was all I could do. Then three women came to hold me down. One of them sat on my chest. I bit her with all my might. These words reflect Banassiri Sylla’s account of her experience undergoing female circumcision, also known as female genital mutilation (FGM), at the young age of eight in the Ivory Coast. This disturbing description

Promoting Mental Health and Well Being

Questions: 1.Investigate and outline the prevalence/ incidence of depression AND suicide in Australia using current literature. 2.Discuss factors that may have contributed to the persons presentation and mental helth concerns ( 2 factors are identified). 3.Discuss the ethico-legal issues related to your chosen scenario. 4.Identify two nursing/midwifery problems/ risks and rationales, with evidence from your chosen scenario. 5. For each nursing/ midwifery problem/ risk you have identified in Question 4, Outline and describe TWO evidenced based nursing/ midwifery interventions AND rationales for each. Answers: 1. This following report provides a profile of depression to refer various disorders and also supports the condition of Scenario A, through exemplify the links related to the patient Edward. It is imperative to analyse the protective factors that are concerned with the depressed state of mind during the research for depression in Australia. This systematic review over depression in Australia suggests some important factors that are needed to examine the cause of depression. Here the patient known as Edward is a 62 years old man and a proud owner of a small farm in Australia, but the sudden death of his youngest son has exposed his life to depression. Furthermore, his only living son Colin, is not interested in farming and left his family for better life in Sidney. Naturally, the hope gets shattered as he is facing empty-nest syndrome with his wife (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). Thus, the report adhered to the common issues related to the geriatric group and correlates the f actors of depression across the nation. The most common mental illness in Australian community is recorded to be depression and anxiety disorder and often, a primary intervention helps to reduce these disorders to get better lifespan. The anxiety syndrome is very common with the patient with depression, but it is important to identify the various highlighted factors that are associated with morbidity and mortality. The reporting items about Edward have provided many significant reasons that are surely caused to depression. According to the researchers (Martin, et al 2010), the most prevalent anxiety disorder is post-traumatic stress disorder in Australia and recorded as (6.4%). In fact, the case study of Edward is the best example of post-traumatic stress disorder, as the unexpected suicide of his youngest son leaves him with no choice for expecting more from life. The other important depressive disorders such as agoraphobia (2.8%), social phobia (social anxiety disorder; 4.7%), obsessivecompulsive disorder (1.9%), panic d isorder (2.6%) and GAD (2.7%) are to be found in Australia. In Australia, the clinical diagnosis of depression has been made on the terms of collective data which signifies numerous signs and syndromes of depression. Presently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has classified a defined array for depressive disorders, to allow various depression subtypes in Australia, such as: Severe depressive state of mind with psychotic symptoms Moderate and less severe depression but the absence psychotic symptoms State of melancholia 2. It may know to all that depression is a common problem in older group of people, and according to the survey, the patient with depressed conditioning fails to recognise the certain symptoms of depression (Trollor, et al 2007). For example, the life of Edward is quite challenging as he left his hometown Malta for better living. It is quite obvious that people do migrate for having better life and best future for their children, but fails to realise what they actually desire to look forward. The yearn for establishment causes separation from his own parents and his relatives from Malta. Unfortunately, his small family gets smaller due to early demise of his youngest son and abandonment of his older son. Thus, depression is a common phenomenon to be observed in such situation where a man of 62 gets affected and losses his sleep, appetite, interest, relationship and hope. As a matter of fact, (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000) it is been observed that depression and sadness go ha nd in hand and confuses the treatment procedures. While in this case, it is determined prominently that Edward is facing huge depression and shows lack of energy, low motivation and some physical problems. Some predominant symptoms related to geriatric group are mentioned below: Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness Feelings of despair and Sadness Loss of appetite and Weight loss Unexplained pains and aggravated aches Staying asleep or difficulty falling asleep (Sleep disturbances) Loss of interest in hobbies, work or in socializing Thoughts of suicide or Fixation on death Feelings of worthlessness, or Loss of self-worth Slowed speech movement Memory problems Neglecting personal care Recognising depression in the elderly people is full of uncertainty as they are too rigid to confront and distinguishing between clinical depression and grief is always not easy for the nurses to identify (McKenna, et al 2012). The following case study is one sort of example where grief is the only reason that affects the life of Edward like a roller coaster. The grieving process of Edward consists of variety of emotions with suicidal thought process and loss of happiness. As per the research, it is found that the content of despair has been diluted into his soul forever and constant emptiness has occupied his mind. Having depression in these cases is natural, and there are some significant risks to Edward, as he has lost moments of pleasure and hope for future (Butterworth, et al 2006). 3. For framing discussion, it is imperative to strengthen the topic by incurring ethical issues related to aging and health care. There have been ranges of debate on Health Care and the Aging Population: What Are Today's Challenges? to explode some of the relevant issues focus upon geriatric education, quality of life, successful aging behaviours, frail elder care and long-term care planning. Some imbedded ethical issues do require enhancing the care unit and so the Australian government specifies the ethical tradition of nursing to strengthen their culture of enduring, self-reflective and distinctive (Parker and Evans, 2007). It should be the primary goal for the health department to introduce values, obligations, morality and better understanding of various condition of geriatric syndrome. In many respects, the ALRCs proposal has solved issues that are directly related to ethics and decorum, as they believe that active case management supports the treatment process of the care givers. However, there are three basic ethical principles and they are justice of treatment, respect for persons and beneficence (Mead, et al 2008). Specifically it states that respect for the patient is the most promising aspect of the treatment as elderly people can only absorbs emotional attributes from the concerned person. Thus, it is vital for the nurses to select their choice of words and perspective to get the best care for the elderly ones. Furthermore, researchers have endeavour many such autonomy where protecting the self-determination right is mandatory for providing the best treatment to the patient. Despite a rapid interest in the geriatric problem, most nations have not restricted elderly abuse so far (Osborn, 2003). However, Australian code of law has introduces several privacy Act that regularise health or medical research, thoroughly. There are 95 crucial guidelines that help to develop certain statistical measures in concern for public safety and public health. Some comprehensive legislation is also been introduced to carry out better service to old and despair ones (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2000). It is very natural for the old people to avoid confession of their problem and so prosecution has developed civil laws to encourage older people with all the necessary help to eradicate the geriatric abuse. In this case study, Edward is non cooperative with his care giver (nurse) and provides little information about his state of mind, but as it is mentioned earlier that proper training and education provides Edward all sorts of help to vent out his problem for solvent. Hence, government of Australia has started public awareness campaigns and university courses to inform people regarding the ethical as well legal attributes of geriatric conditions. 4. This chapter provides the interesting aspect for the researchers as it is very difficult to introduce some of the risk taken by the nurses or midwives for treating a patient of depression. To improve the mortality or patient safety, the care giver tries every possible context within the code of ethics and law. However, it is important for the nurse to adopt certain Professional Doctorate route to treat such patient like Edward. As an outline of the present condition of Edward, it is obvious for the nurse to help Edward to communicate all the provided information of his distress. The general research surely asks the risk confronted by the nurse in such condition, and I have already considered some points as subsequent sections to reflect problems faced by the nurses during the intervening process with the patient (Unutzer, 2002). The latest NSW version has imposed strict discipline for nurses to follow and thus, it concretes the idea of risk as a constant challenge for this profess ion, because each patient has following rights that should be performed by the nurses and they are as follows: Right to a written treatment plan Right to confidentiality Right to refuse treatment Right to select health care team members Right to personal mail Right to obtain disability Hence, it is very relevant that a nurse cannot force her patient to obtain certain treatment without his wish and at the same time acknowledgment of right prognosis is a challenging process by the nurse, so Screening for depression and Pharmacological and alternative treatments are some of the risk faced by the nurse during intervention of their patient. It is very important to make a powerful impact on the patient to get an inner understanding of the depression (Clinical Standards Advisory Group, 2000). A proper communication is a much needed measure that can benefits the illness from its root. Here in this case study, Edward has mentioned every possible problems of his health to the appointed nurse, but at the same time feeling distressed and exhausted to communicate at some point of time. Thus, a nurse should realise his limits and try to find out medicinal support for his exhaustion and lack of sleep (Pignone, et al 2002). She cannot force him for any support, as that can aggravate the depressive state of mind. The appointed nurse should always be alert for his mental condition as he has seen losses and has lost all his hope to live. 5. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) contributes some important points of risk faced by the nurses during treatment and also supports a vast research on older people during depression screening as the method includes electronic and manual searches. Here in this case, Edward desires to end his life and so it is the duty of the nurse to be watchful and observant over his moves and approaches. A nurse should remember his suicidal tendency before attempting further ailments, as that can beget risks during the treatment and cause a lot of damage to the patient. There are five powerful screening tools used by the nurses to determine the level of depression in the patient, but it is not easy to get followed as most of the patients are elderly and fails to understand the following procedures of treatment Lawrence, et al 2000). There are five screening tools and known as self assessment questionnaires which are self completed. Reasonably, it is difficult to enrol in treating geri atric depression as this particular group do not participate in such kind of measures to get them treated as that involves Patient Health Questionnaire The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) Beck Depression Inventory Zung Self Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) The department of nursing also finds it difficult to introduce alternative treatment such as Pharmacological measures to reduce the symptoms of depression. Here the medicinal treatment do have a lesser impact than counselling process as it is important for the patient to confront their own deal of crisis. The acknowledgment of the cause can reduce the level of depression and here our patient called Edward still has two reasons to live upon: his wife and only living son. It is through counselling, a nurse can enrich psychologically about the better hopes for living, and Edward needs to understand that his son Collin has got the same desire to live like his father, as both of them have left their parents for better living. The patient has got supportive wife and needs to realise her gracious presence, so all these points need to get realised during the treatment without much constraint. References: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Causes of Death, Australia, 2011. Catalogue No. 3303.0. Belconnen, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia. Accessed March 15, 2013 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Op. Cit. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Suicides, Australia, 1921 to 1998. Catalogue No.3309.0. Belconnen, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia. Accessed December 4, 2012 McKenna, K., Harrison, J. E. (2012). Hospital separations due to injury and poisoning, Australia 2008-09. Injury research and statistics series. No. 65. Cat. INJCAT 141. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Accessed November 23, 2012 Martin, G., Swannell, S., Harrison, J., Hazell, P., Taylor, A. (2010). The Australian National Epidemiological Study of Self-Injury (ANESSI). Brisbane, QLD: Centre for Suicide Prevention Studies. Accessed November 23, 2012 Trollor JN, Anderson TM, et al: Prevalence of mental disorders in the elderly: the Australian national mental health and well-being survey. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007, 15 (6): 455-466. Kilkkinen A, Kao-Philpot A, et al: Prevalence of psychological distress, anxiety and depression in rural communities in Australia. Aust J Rural Health. 2007, 15 (2): 114-119. Butterworth P, Gill SC, et al: Retirement and mental health: analysis of the Australian national survey of mental health and well-being. Soc Sci Med. 2006, 62 (5): 1179-1191. Lawrence D, Almeida OP, et al: Suicide and attempted suicide among older adults in Western Australia. Psychol Med. 2000, 30 (4): 813-821. Pignone MP et al (2002) Screening for depression in adults: a summary of the evidence for the US preventative services task force. Annals of Internal Medicine; 136: 10, 765-776. Osborn PJ et al (2003) Performance of a single screening question for depression in a representative sample of 13,670 people aged 75 and over in the UK: Results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community. Family Practice; 20: 6, 682-684. Mead GE et al (2008) Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008. Issue 4. Art. No. CD004366. Clinical Standards Advisory Group (2000) Services for People with Depression: A Summary of the CSAG Report on Services for People with Depression. London: DH. Unutzer J et al (2002) Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting. Journal of the American MedicalAssociation; 288: 22, 2836-2487. Australian Law Reform Commission, Managing Justice: A Review of the Civil Justice System, Report 89 (2000), Rec 27. C Parker and A Evans, Inside Lawyers Ethics (2007), 89.

Research Paper in Society and Culture Essay Example

Research Paper in Society and Culture Essay Society and Culture Research Paper Marriage and Family: Nature and Scope (Belgium) Submitted by: Kate Danica M. De Jesus Submitted to: Ms. Sherryl Pajulas OUTLINE Topic: Marriage and Family: Nature and Scope (Belgium) Introduction: History Subtopics: a. the nature of marriage b. the selection of marriage mates c. the nature of family d. basic function of the family (Belgium) e. changes in the family f. family organization and disorganization g. culture and custom (Belgium) Conclusion: Acknowledgement I’m not a perfect person for me not to seek a help for others. To do a research paper is not an easy task that’s why I do acknowledge fist, God for never getting tired for giving me His guidance, strength and wisdom while I’m doing this. Second is my family who always there for me and for their support financially and morally. Also because they never stop loving me as what I am and who I am. Third is my friends who never let me down, they never get tired to cheer me up that I can do this, they make me inspired. Fourth, I acknowledge those who also help me to have reference in this research paper, also because of they give patience to me, because without hem maybe I didn’t finish this research paper. 1 History Belgium According to its history, the name Belgium is derived from  Gallia Belgica, a  Roman province  in the northern most part of  Gaul  that before Roman invasion in 100  BC, was inhabited by the Belgae, a mix of  Celtic  and  people. A  gradual immigration  by Germanic  Frankish  tribes dur ing the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the  Merovingian  kings. A gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper in Society and Culture specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper in Society and Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper in Society and Culture specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The  Treaty of Verdunin 843 divided the region into  Middle  and West Francia  and therefore into a set of more or less independent  fiefdoms  which, during the  Middle Ages, were  vassals  either of the  King of France  or of the  Holy Roman Emperor. Many of these fiefdoms  were united in the  Burgundian Netherlands  of the 14th and 15th centuries. [18]  Emperor Charles  V  extended the  personal union  of the  Seventeen Provinces  in the 1540s, making it far more than a personal union by the  Pragmatic Sanction of 1549  and increased his influence over the  Prince-Bishopric of Liege. The  Eighty Years War  (1568–1648) divided the Low Countries into the northern  United Provinces  (Belgica Foederata  in  Latin, the Federated Netherlands) and the  Southern Netherlands  (Belgica Regia, the Royal Netherlands). The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish  and the  Austrian  Habsburgs  and comprised most of modern Belgium. This was the theatre of most  Franco-Spanish  and Franco-Austrian wars  during the 17th and 18th centuries. Following the  campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars, the Low Countries—including territories that were never nominally under Habsburg rule, such as the Prince-Bishopric of Liege—were annexed by the  French First Republic, ending Austrian rule in the region. The reunification of the Low Countries as the  United Kingdom of the Netherlands  occurred at the dissolution of the  First French Empire  in 1815, after the defeat of Napoleon. And in 1830, the  Belgian Revolution  led to the separation of the Southern Provinces from the Netherlands and to the stablishment of a Catholic and bourgeois, officially French-speaking and neutral, independent Belgium under a  provisional government  and a  national congress. Since the installation of  Leopold  I  as king on  21 July  1831 (which is now celebrated as Belgiums  National Day, Belgium has been a  constitutional monarchy  and  parliamentary democracy, with a  laicist  co nstitution based on the  Napoleonic code. Although the franchise was initially restricted,  universal suffrage  for men was introduced after the  general strike of 1893  (with  plural voting  until 1919) and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the  Catholic Party  and the  Liberal Party, with the  Belgian Labour Party  emerging towards the end of the 19th century. French was originally the single official language adopted by the  nobility  and the  bourgeoisie. It progressively lost its overall importance as Dutch became recognized as well. This recognition became official in 1898 and in 1967 a Dutch version of the  Constitution  was legally accepted. [23] The  Berlin Conference  of 1885 ceded control of the  Congo Free State  to  King Leopold  II  as his private possession. From around 1900 there was growing international concern for the extreme and savage treatment of the Congolese population under Leopold  II, for whom the Congo was primarily a source of revenue from ivory and rubber production. In 1908 this outcry led the Belgian state to assume responsibility for the government of the colony, henceforth called the  Belgian Congo. [24]  Germany invaded Belgium in 1914 as part of the Schlieffen Plan  to attack France and much of the  Western Front  fighting of World War  I occurred in western parts of the country. The opening months of the war were known as the  Rape of Belgium  due to German excesses. Belgium took over the  German colonies  of  Ruanda-Urundi  (modern day  Rwanda  and  Burundi) during the war, and they were mandated to Belgium in 1924 by the  League of Nations. In the aftermath of the First World War, the  Prussian districts  of  Eupen and Malmedy were annexed by Belgium in 1925, thereby causing the presence of a German-speaking minority. The country was again invaded by Germany in 1940  and was occupied until its  liberation by the Allies  in 1944. After World War  II,  a general strike  forced king  Leopold  III, who many viewed as collaborating with Germany during the war, to abdicate in 1951. The Belgian Congo gained independence in 1960 uring the  Congo Crisis; Ruanda-Urundi followed with its independence two years later. Belgium joined  NATO  as a founding member and formed the Benelux group of nations with the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Belgium became one of the six founding members of the  European Coal and Ste el Community  in 1951 and of the  European Atomic Energy Community  and  European Economic Community, established in 1957. The latter is now the European Union, for which Belgium hosts major administrations and institutions, including the  European Commission, the  Council of the European Union  and the extraordinary and committee sessions of the  European Parliament. Nature of marriage According to the catholic, the true nature of marriage, a husband and wife living in openness to life, is also a witness to the precious gift of the child and to the unique and irreplaceable roles of both a mother and a father. In creating new life, the unitive and procreative purposes of marriage come together. Marriage, therefore, is not confined wholly to the loving intimacy of husband and wife but strives in generosity to go beyond this to bring new life into being. This procreative meaning of marriage involves not only the conception of children but also their upbringing and educ ation. The loving communion of marital spouses is the primary context in which children are both conceived and brought up in love. It is true that some marriages will not result in procreation due to infertility, even though the couple is capable of the natural act by which procreation takes place. Indeed, this situation often comes as a surprise and can be a source of deep sadness, disappointment, anxiety, and even great suffering for a husband and wife. When such tragedy affects a marriage, a couple may be tempted to think that their union is not complete or truly blessed. This is not true. The marital union of a man and a woman is a distinctive communion of persons which even infertile couples continue to manifest. 4 Selection of marriage mates According to my research, Selecting a mate is a process that is to a large extent culturally defined. Who is considered as a suitable marriage partner differs across societies. Various criteria can be used in the evaluation of a suitable partner. Some of these are physical beauty, personality, education, wealth, social class, ethnic or racial identity and more. The relative importance of one criterion over another depends on the type of marriage that is being considered an arranged marriage or one based on the Western concept of romantic love. Arranged marriages have been very popular worldwide and are still being practised today. This is so because an arranged marriage represents more than a union of two individuals; it is in fact the union of two families. It can also be a basis for creating alliances between important families, communities or even countries and nations. Therefore, arranged marriages usually require careful choice and negotiations. Another reason why arranged marriages have been and are still being practised is that young people have sometimes been considered as being too inexperienced to make such a decision as that of selecting a life-long partner. The parents and other older relatives then take the responsibility of finding a suitable mate for the young people. Even though arranged marriages are still being widely practiced, marriages based on romantic love are growing in popularity. This is so because of the influence of the mass media and its effectiveness in spreading the Western image of romantic love across the world. Exclusive emotional attachments are now greatly desirable in a marriage. 5 Basic Function of Family The Belgian standard living is one of the highest in Europe, per capita income is high increasing, and a large part of economy is directed toward production for the consumer market. Housing is less crowded than in most of Europe. The pace of life in the cities is hectic, yet the Belgians know how to relax, and they do so at side walk cafes and at the restaurants known throughout Europe for the preparation of the Belgians favorite dishes; mussels, deep-fried potatoes, oysters, endive, and Flemish waterzoei (chicken). is an important consideration for anybody to grow up with a  family. Household camping along the Meuse. Although modern informality is making in roads among the students generations, the traditions of the tight family circle and formal relations with others is maintained. The whole is still focus of life. Regionalism is strong, and while they may visit the capital on occa sion, many Belgians prefer not to wonder far from their place of birth. 6 Changes in the family Sociologists study society and how it is organized. They study what a society believes and how it is changing. They explain how people behave, but not how they ought to behave. Almost every society is based on the family. Some societies have nuclear families. In the nuclear family, the parents and children live together in one house. Other societies have extended families. In this kind of family, there are grandparents, parents, children, uncles, and other relatives all living together. In some societies, there are tribes. A tribe is a group of extended families that have the same ancestors. Throughout history there have been slow changes in the family and in family life, but today the family is changing quickly. This change causes many problems for the society and the individual. One of the major reasons for this fast change in the family is the change in how people earn their money. Today more and more people work in factories that make automobiles, furniture, clothes, and thousands of other products. Fewer people work on farms or make products at home. People work in industry instead. This change is called industrialization. The ownership of land in an industrial society is not as important as it was when people lived in villages. 7 Family Organization and Disorganization According to my reference, in Belgium, the population can be broadly divided into three linguistic groups. A majority are Flemings of Germanic stock who speaks dialect similar to Dutch. The Walloons, of Celtic antecedents, originally spoke dialect that differed markedly from Parisian French. These dialects have now nearly disappeared and have been replaced by a slightly belgicized version of French. Although in the countryside near mons (Bergen) and liege (luik) they still may be heard occasionally. The German speaking population of Belgium numbers less than 90,000 people. Yet because it is concentrated about Eupen and malmedy and near the boarder with luxem, bourg, it has been able to win language rights in those areas. Also in Belgium, the religion of both Flemish and Walloons is Roman Catholic, but with markedly different attitudes. Many Walloons give roman doctrine a liberal interpretation and are not strict in their attendance at mass. In the Flemish areas of Belgium the churches are crowded. Roman Doctrine is strictly adhered to and seldom questioned, and the local clergy have considerable influence within their parishes. On a higher level the arch- bishop of Mechelin (Malines) enjoys universal respect and is one of the national leaders a portion of the salaries of the Roman Catholic, Protestant, Anglican, and Jewish clergy the protestant denomination in Belgium are not strong, although they have grown since World War II. 8 Culture and Custom The Flemish of Germanic bloods, and the Walloons, with the Latin ties, have been less than odds in cultural endeavors than the linguistic situation would seem to indicate. Belgium’s artistic output has coincided with the years of its greatest economic expansion for example, the Burgundian period. The 15th century was especially rich in painting, music, architecture, and literature. By the end of the 17th century, artistic production was nearly at a stand still. After 1830, with Belgian independence, a rebirth of the arts began and gathered momentum toward the close of the century. The 20th century has witnessed ever-increasing cultural activity. The traditions of Flemish school were carried on into the Italians. In the 17th century Peter Paul Pubens and his baroque school evaded a direct Italian influence. He painted religious and pagan scenes as well as landscapes and portraits. The 18th century showed little interest in painting. Romanticism in the 19th century was represented by Gustav Wappers, Louis Gallait and Hendrick Seys. An impressionist school produced Rik Wouters, who was a sculptor. In the 20th century, James Ensor, the father of Flemish expressionism, was very influential with his experimental forms. While Flanders produced the most outstanding works of painting, it was Walloons territory, Hainaut and Liege that produced the musical genius of the country. The musical contribution of Belgium to European culture is less well known than its painting but no less remarkable. The art of modern music was born on what is now Belgian soil. Because of the linguistic division of the country, Belgium has always possessed two literatures, French and Flemish. The Matter is further complicated by the fact that Flemings have, at times, written their works in French. The literature of this meeting ground of Germanic and Romance civilizations must be considered under its two divisions, French and Flemish 9 Conclusion Belgium is a constitutional monarchy in Western Europe. An independent nation since 1830. The labor there was only about 6 percent of their population is employed in agriculture, and there has been a continuing slow decrease in the number of farmers. Increments in the labor supply have generally occurred in the manufacturing industries. Most farmers own their own land. Many find it necessary to supplement the income gained from their small acreage by taking part-time jobs in the towns. In the economic expansion of the first half of the 1960’s, employment in manufacturing went up approximately 12 percent, laborers from abroad especially Italy, have been attracted by these conditions, yet unemployment has continued to exist in the Borinage and West Flanders. Also in Belgium, income is also gained from Belgium’s transportation facilities. Although the rail system is the densest in Europe and successfully handles a high- volume freight and passenger service, as much or more freight is transported on the inland waterway system. Belgium’s educational system is highly developed despite the ill of two major controversies. The law established that it is the national government’s responsibility to see that satisfactory schools of all kinds are within reach of all children. 10 Table of contents page Acknowledgement 1 History 2-3 Nature of marriage 4 Selection of marriage mates 5 Nature of the family 6 Basic function of the family 7 Changes in the family 8 References: http://vcampus. uom. ac. mu/soci1101/571marriage_partner_selection. html http://mycatholicweb. org/marriage/the-true-nature-of-marriage http://www. okanagan. bc. ca/Assets/Departments+(Education)/International+Students/Documents/ESL+Quiz. pdf Belgium Map 11 Belgium places 12 The Belgium Flag 14 13

Chemically Impaired Nurses Essay Example

Chemically Impaired Nurses Essay When deciding to enter the stressful and demanding field of nursing, I asked myself how will I physically, mentally, and emotionally deal with the demands of the profession? It takes a lot of long hours, knowledge of procedures and practices, and devotion to patients and their families. So how do nurses deal with the demands of their job? It has surprised me that in researching the profession that ten to twenty percent of practicing nurses have substance abuse problems. Substance abuse is defined as using excessive amounts of drugs or alcohol beyond their specified purpose. I chose to research this particular social problem because it concerns me that so many individuals are choosing to enter the nursing field to specifically help or care for the well-being of others, but are putting lives in danger by working under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Nurses handle, measure, and administer most of the medication given to hospitalized patients, giving them the most access to controlled substances. The reasons given for most of the drug abuse among nurses is psychological distress, physical exhaustion, and job dissatisfaction. It was interesting to learn that 10 percent of drug abuse begins while attending nursing school. At Salem Community College, drug testing is administered during the nursing program to prohibit the use of drugs and anyone with a previous drug charge may not apply to the program. I believe schools are trying to limit the amount of potential drug users from entering the profession. When trying to propose solutions on how to combat this issue, one must use the three main sociological perspectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemically Impaired Nurses specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Chemically Impaired Nurses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Chemically Impaired Nurses specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer First, the symbolic interactionist perspective uses symbols to consider details of everyday life and how people interact with each other. A symbolic interactionist may believe that drug use is a learned experience. Without someone showing you how to use the drug or describing the effects or feeling of the drug, you may never consider trying it in the first place. If the initial drug use is defined as pleasurable, it is likely to reoccur, and over time the individual will earn the label of â€Å"drug user. † If this definition is internalized so that the individual assumes the identity as a drug user, the behavior will continue. A symbolic interactionist’s solution to this problem may be early education about drugs and alcohol to children to deter the behavior before it begins. Second, a functionalist perspective uses scientific approaches to deal with social issues. A functionalist would look for data in drug use among nurses such as deaths, arrests, loss of medical licenses, etc. Functionalists argue that society provides us with norms and guidelines on alcohol and drug use. Drugs are seen as very functional. They alleviate pain, reduce fevers, and curb infections. A functionalist’s solution to drug abuse is to provide guidelines for behavior. People who lack control are more likely to pursue destructive behaviors. A solution could possibly be early intervention. Provide nurses with an outlet to discuss their feelings or work concerns. Shorter shifts and less patients to care for would also alleviate stress. The final perspective would be the conflict perspective. The conflict perspective would suggest that the abuse of drugs and alcohol plaguing the nursing profession would be directly attributed to social class, income, and power. If the nurse was given more power in the workplace and was not overworked and stressed, there would be no reason to abuse drugs. A solution to this issue in the conflict perspective would be for nurses to have a higher income and more control over their schedules and responsibilities in the workplace. In comparing the different sociological perspectives, I believe it is important to use both micro and macro analysis to investigate this social problem. Micro analysis can be used to analyze individual problems in the nursing profession that cause many nurses to turn to drugs and alcohol. Macro analysis will look at the profession as a whole to see what can be done to improve conditions for nurses and to rehabilitate nurses who are in recovery. I personally would choose both methods because it is important to use different points of views to solve problems in our communities. When looking back 50 years, I believe that chemically impaired nursing was as much a problem then as it is today. There was less documentation back then to account for lost medication. I believe there was an assumption that nurses are respected, trusted, and would never put the patients life in danger. With all of the technology today, I believe it is a lot harder to get away with stealing medication. When administering drugs, there is a lot more documentation and security in the hospitals. Medications are secured in lock boxes which must be accessed by more than one nurse. If I were a sociologist given a grant to investigate chemically impaired nurses, I would go around to hospitals and have a group discussion. I would ask the nurses to voice their concerns about their work environment and try to solve the underlying issues. I trust the functionalist view in trying to provide an outlet for nurses to get out their pain and stress. Maybe personal therapy sessions would be a helpful service to provide. When caring for others all the time, sometimes you need someone to hear your thoughts and feelings. There needs to be more sympathy for nurses in America. Instead of stripping a nurse of their license, we need to rehabilitate our nurses and treat them with the same respect as they do their patients. In the end. we are all humans and should be allotted the same opportunities. The government needs to put more money in educating future nurses, so that less nurses will be spread so thin between so many patients. Nurses who see unusual behavior such as mood swings, lateness, absences, and unfinished assignments must speak up and notify a supervisor. The addiction cannot be confronted if it is never detected. By treating the nurses with respect, the same treatment will be given to the patients. Works Cited Botterweck, Michael J. â€Å"Everyday Sociology. † Starpoint Press. 2009. Dolan, Josephine. â€Å"History of Nursing. † W. B. Saunders Co. , 1968. Rafferty, Anne Marie. â€Å"The Politics of Nursing Knowledge. † London. 1998.

Online Masters Degree Programs California Essays

Online Masters Degree Programs California Essays Online Masters Degree Programs California Essay Online Masters Degree Programs California Essay Rating  Online Masters Degree Programs California  should be near the top of the list. While many professionals pursue online course studies while working, so do students who have conflicting schedules and busy lives.   A degree gives leverage to increasing earning potential, breaking into new fields, or to specialize in a particular area. Many of the finest universities in California have compiled detailed lists of their online classes so students can peruse the course options open to them.   They started a website called, California Virtual Campus to aid students in their quest for online graduate school programs within the state of California. The Rossier School of Education at theUniversityofSouthern Californiais one of the leaders in online graduate degrees. They offer online graduate degrees focusing on developing future leaders.   The California online masters programs focus on teaching students the necessary skills in whatever educational setting works best for the student. No matter what degree you are pursuing, accounting, finance, or business management, the online master’s programs of California utilize the latest in educational technology to prepare advanced learning.   State of the art learning management systems ensure a free flowing avenue of communication between instructors and students. Click the Banner below for the Official: Online Masters Degree Programs California

Lean Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Lean Management - Essay Example This may further impact on growing economic aspirations of developed and developing countries, which will require fewer resources that create less environmental pollution and greenhouse gases. At the same time, these improvements in production and logistics have given consumers a growing range of higher quality products at lower prices through many different sales channels. Federal Express' originally thought of delivering packages within 24-hours and they did. In 1983, Lens Crafters followed suit by assembling eyeglasses in one hour. Dell computers maintains it market share and profit level even when the competition is very stiff by made-to-order computers in a very short time. What is common in all of these entities The answer is Lean and its application in their respective organization. Add nothing but value (Eliminate Waste). In Lean, it is a primary task to determine what adds value and what activities add value to a product. Then, one will be able to determine the essentials of an activity and reduce or eliminate waste. Unfortunately in any organization, nobody wants to admit that his or her job is sometimes just waste. Breakthroughs are recognized upon recognition of waste. If an activity or cost does not add value, then it should be considered as waste or if an activity; or cost can be forgone with, then it is waste. Taiichi Ohno, the executive of Toyota Production System identified several sources of waste in a manufacturing industry: Overproduction, Inventory, Extra Processing Steps, Motion, Defects, Waiting, and Transportation. Center on the people who add value. Organizations would not admit that their own people are waste at times, unless they are asked which of their employees or system adds value to their output. Unless they can identify areas where people become the value-adding system in the work place, they will not know which is essential and which is waste. The criteria to determine the people who do the work that add value: Resources, Information, Process Design Authority, and Organizational Energy. Usually in a manufacturing entity, the design of tasks is divided to the unskilled worker doing the routine tasks (manual) and the managers doing the production tasks like planning, forecasting and so on. When problems arise, the task of solving lies on the managers and not on the frontline workers who knew what went wrong. This is due to the fact that these workers are not tasked, encouraged and even involved on these matters of production dilemma. They simply asked to keep or maintain the production quota. Womack (1990) stated that a truly lean organization transfers the maximum number of tasks and responsibilities to the workers who add value and place a system for detecting or recognizing defects. In this way, it empowers people to add value to their work. It reorients human resources to become a flow of value and not a functional expert. In the production of Toyota cars, the management figured out how to reduce multiple stamping and create a